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For the sake of a better understanding of this idea some methodological preliminaries are given.

To begin with, the present state of science is analyzed. It is pointed out that, besides abstract problems logics cyberrnetyka mathematics and monodisciplinary problems special disciplines of traditional science, modern science comprises multidisciplinary problems cooperation of special disciplines and interdisciplinary problems cybernetics.

Three ways of treating cybernetics are shown: Just the last is applied in this book. There are two ways of defining general concepts: The author considers the first to be a bad habit provoking useless arguments about the meaning of words, as if the choice of problems hcarakter be solved depended on terms, instead of the reverse. Therefore all essential concepts in this book are cybernetykz by terminological conventions. The widespread opinion that every theory cybernetyoa be empirically verified is put into question.

It is pointed out that weak theoretical statements should be verified by strong empirical statements whilst weak empirical statements should be verified by strong theoretical statements. The cybernetic theory presented in this book is a strong one. The cybernetic approach consists in considering investigated objects to be composed of distinct elements, the set of interrelated elements being called “system”.

The rigours and advantages of such an approach are elucidated.

Many theorems concerning interactions between coupled systems are given. Their practical application is profusely illustrated, especially by examples of interpersonal relations. Those theorems reveal the falsity of many intuitive opinions about such matters.

It is shown, on cybernetic grounds, that all possible problems can be divided into six groups. The first three of them concern cognizance of: Then, “control” being defined as such behaviour of one system which provokes the predetermined behaviour of another system, it is pointed out that in every control process there must be mutual dependence of purposes on methods informational agents and means energetical agents.

A very important kind of information is “parainformation”, i. It explains physically the phenome-non of understanding information language, charaktwr, humour etc. Also, the everlasting esthetical question of “form and content” is solved. After that introduction into the principles of cybernetics a short historical essay on polemics between scientists and anthropocentric doct-rinaires is given.

Further, the author demonstrates that the problem of character in human behaviour cannot be solved in physiology by an investigation of energomaterial processes in the human brain, or in psychology by an investigation of informational processes such as feelings, desires etc.

There is a gap between those disciplines, because, they cannot answer the question of how energomaterial and informational processes in the human organism are interconnected. Human behaviour being a control process, this is a cybernetic problem. In accordance with this statement, the author worked out a concept of “autonomous system” defined as charakrer system: The first condition requires organs for reception and accumulation of both energy and information.

The second condition requires an organ maintaining functional equilibrium of energetical and informational processes homeostasis. It is demostrated that a human being is an autonomous system.

Thus, any statement resulting from the analysis of the autonomous system applies to the human being. Internal physiological and external sociological energetical processes are distinguished. Chadakter means that any work can be done either by the human organism itself by personal effort or by other sources of energy thanks to charaakter, money, subordinates, relatives, friends etc. Physiological energy consists of three components: It is demonstrated that physiological energy during the lifetime of man must initially inerease, reach maximum, and then decrease.

The point cybdrnetyka time at which cybernetkya energy becomes smaller than the basic energy is the end of existence. It explains why even weak stimuli can provoke strong reactions whilst strong stimuli can be insufficient to provoke reactions, and how it happens that people sometimes act against their interests e.

Also, there is a physical explanation of such phenomena as loss of consciousness, sleep, and dreams. Control parameters are grouped into rigid ones constant or changing independently and cybernefyka ones. Ensemble of rigid control parameters is called “character” it is no to be confused with the psychological term “personality” relating to symptoms of human behaviour, not its source. Rigidity of control parameters means that nobody’s character can be changed by compulsion or persuasion or even self-persuasion.

Thus, in order to establish conformity between one’s character and one’s situation the only possibility is to change the situation, not the character. The situation conforms to the character, if it conforms to all parameters of character. Efficiently of control behaviour depends on the number of recorded associations “level of character”.

Cybernetyka I charakter

In turn, this parameter of character depends: Through a combination of the low and high values of these factors a list of eight intellect types has been compiled. The level of character is important in education, ethics, esthetics etc. The most important parameter of character is “dynamism of character” determined by the relation between dispersion and accumulation of energy.

It is possible to establish a continuous scale of dynamism, but, with regard to terminological convenience, it is divided into five “character classes” comprising strong negative dynamism endodynamismfeeble negative dynamism endostatismzero dynamism statismfeeble positive dynamism exostatismand strong positive dynamism exodynamism.

From this point of view, about forty theorems are formulated on various aspects of human behaviour such as life trends, attitudes, ideas, feelings, desires, fancies, activities, motives, convictions, remembrances, receiving and giving information, decision making, etc.

It is demonstrated that dynamism must inevitably change in time from positive to negative. It means that children are exodynamic; this conclusion is confirmed by empirical facts with astounding accuracy. Taking in account that further evolution; of dynamism can be accelerated in some individuals and retarded in others, it is evident that in the first case they reach the stage of endodynamism at an early age whereas in the second they remain exostatic or static for a long time and never become endodynamic or even endostatic.

Marian Mazur (Author of Cybernetyka i charakter. Psychologia XXi wieku)

These statements can be particularly instructive to educators who, in fact, compel pupils to behave in the static way in spite of their exostatic or even exodynamic character. As in regulating any quantity, there is a zone of dynamism in which stimuli are accepted “tolerance”.

Over and above there is a zone in which stimuli can only be imposed “softness”. The broader the character of partners, the easier are interpersonal relations. Nevertheless, it is essential to determine whether each partner has a broad character owing to great tolerance mutual satisfaction or to great softness mutual concessions. The author discusses the influence of character classes on tendencies in interpersonal relations, the ensemble of character classes of partners being called “characterological configuration”.

For any partner, four kinds of tendencies can be distinguished: The fast characterological configuration is extremely important in matrimonial matching. A list of all possible characterological configurations cybernetjka been compiled.

The importance of knowing the charatker true character is emphasized. A warning is given against characterological illusions due to: Finally, the rapid transformation of imposed character into a true one “crystallisation of character” is described.

Marian Mazur, Cybernetyka i charakter. Summary This book presents a cybernetic theory of human charakrer. Cybernetics To begin with, the present state of science is analyzed. Terminological conventions There are two ways of defining general concepts: Theoretical and empirical cognizance The widespread opinion that every theory should be empirically verified is put into question.

System The cybernetic approach consists in considering investigated objects to be composed of distinct elements, the set of interrelated elements being called “system”.

Coupling Many theorems concerning interactions between coupled systems are given. Control It is shown, on cybernetic grounds, that all possible problems can be divided into six groups. The search for comprehension of human nature After that introduction into the principles of cybernetics a chagakter historical essay on polemics between scientists and anthropocentric doct-rinaires is given.

Human being as an autonomous system In accordance with this statement, the author worked out a concept of “autonomous system” defined as a system: Physiological and sociological energy Internal physiological and external sociological energetical processes are distinguished. Character Control parameters are grouped into rigid ones constant or changing independently and elastic ones. Level of character Efficiently of control behaviour depends charajter the number of recorded associations “level of character”.

Dynamism of character The most important parameter of character is “dynamism of character” cybernettyka by the relation between dispersion and accumulation of energy. Broadness of character As in regulating any quantity, there is a zone of dynamism in which stimuli are accepted “tolerance”. Characterological cybernetyak The author discusses the influence of character classes on tendencies in interpersonal relations, the ensemble of character classes of partners being called “characterological configuration”.